Monday, August 24, 2009

Cousin Angelo's garden

ISOLA                                                                            
   
                          Di te amore m'attrista,                                                                                 
mia terra, se oscuri profumi                                                 
perde la sera d'aranci,                                                         
o d'oleandri sereno,                                                           
cammina con rose il torrente                                               
che quasi n'e' tocca la foce.                                                
Ma se torno a tue rive                                                         
e dolce voce al canto                                                           
chiama da strada timorosa                                                  
non so se infanzia o amore,                                                  
desio d'altri cieli mi volge,                                                   
e mi nascondo nelle perdute cose.                                       
Salvatore Quasimodo                                                        
Sicilian Writer
Nobel Prize for Literature, 1959
ISLAND
Love of you saddens me,
my earth, if evening sheds
dark perfumes of orange trees,
or oleanders, if -serene-
the torrent flows with roses
that almost reach its esturary.
But if I return to your shores
and, in song, a soft voice calls,
fearful, from the road -
I know not whether childhood or love,
longing for other skies turns me,
and I hide in the forgotten things.
Translated by Allen Mandelbaum

Saturday, August 15, 2009

Ferragosto and the Feast of Maria SS. Della Catena




The religious holiday of Ferragosto is celebrated in Italy on the 15th of August. The word Ferragosto is derived from the Latin ‘feriae Augusti’ meaning ‘Emperor August’s holidays’. The feriae celebrated the middle of summer and the end of hard work in the fields. The holiday was adopted by the Catholic Church to commemorate the Assumption of Mary. Today, most Italians are on vacation during the month of August and the religious holiday has more or less reverted to the enjoyment of one’s vacation.

In Sicily the first Sunday after Ferragosto is followed by the celebration of the Madonna della Catena. The Festa in honor of Librizzi’s Patron Saint,is considered one of the best in Sicily. Librizzesi celebrate the much awaited Festa with three days of jubilant celebrations, feasts, music, fireworks, and other traditional activities.

On the appointed day, the beautiful marble statue of Maria SS. Della Catena is carried in a procession through the streets of Librizzi by 24 barefooted men. The statue of San Michele Arcangelo is carried in front of the Madonna (San Michele is a beautiful wooden statue. I will tell the story of this statue in a future blog entry.) During the procession some of the devout Librizzesi walk shoeless and often also backwards, in their arms they carry baskets of flowers. They do this as an ex voto, a thank you for a favor received through the intercession of the Madonna. Throughout the procession, as the Madonna passes by the spectators, shouts of “Viva Maria” are heard. The sound of the zampogna (a musical instrument similar to a bagpipe) is heard as is the religious music played by the orchestra marching . Now and then the sounds of small fireworks are also heard. All along the procession route the balconies are decorated with beautiful embroidered sheets and tablecloths, colorful blankets, tapestries, etc.



The zampogna is played in earnest when the statue arrives at a certain location where an ancient walnut tree grows. This is to commemorate the legend associated with the arrival of the statue in Librizzi, in the 1540s. According to the legend, when the statue arrived in the area of Librizzi called Maisale it became so heavy that the oxen, who were pulling the cart on which sat the statue, could no longer pull it. The oxen were able to continue their march to Librizzi center only after the humble zampogna (also called ciaramedda) was played.




The Madonna is credited for a miracle that occurred during the procession of 1573. A child whose name was Bittuzza , was placed on the fercolo (a decorated cart on which the statues are carried) next to the statue, where she fell asleep. Bettuzza had a paralyzed arm but when she woke up her arm was no longer paralyzed.

The following is an excerpt from the “Remembrances” that I wrote for my grandchildren:

“To celebrate the special day, the women prepared a feast which always included roasted meat called castrato al forno, and a vegetable mixture cooked under the dripping roast, etc. There was always a fair in the piazza where people from Librizzi and nearby towns displayed their wares, foods, toys for children, etc. It was fun for a child to go from stand to stand and look over the offerings,a toy might be bought, an ice cream cone would be enjoyed, and so on. The greased pole tradition was fun for a child to see. A heavily greased long pole would be set up in the piazza, at the top sat a clay pot full of money (The modern piñata has its roots in this pole and pot, the word piñata actually means clay pot.). Young men then took their turn in trying to scale the greased pole, whoever managed to make it to the top would claim the money.


La Pentolaccia, the modern day version of the 'greased pole and clay pot'

Music was an important part of the festivities. There were always concerts given by the local orchestra as well as by professional musical groups who were hired to perform. The festivities culminated at midnight with spectacular fireworks, which for me were always frightening and exciting at the same time.”

The statue of the Librizzi Madonna was sculpted by the famous Antonino Gagini (1510s-1574), or by the school of Gagini. Antonino was a member of a family of sculptors and architects whose origins were in Northern Italy but active in all of Italy. The Gagini family arrived in Sicily in 1463 and settled in Palermo and Messina. The family of sculptors included the grandfather Domenico Gagini, his son Antonello (born in Palermo in 1478), and five grandsons, Antonino, Fazio, Giacomo, Giandomenico, Vincenzo. Their workshop was in Palermo and supplied monumental religious sculptures for the cathedrals of Palermo, Messina, and other cities. Antonello had been a student of Brunelleschi, and is reputed to have collaborated with Michelangelo on the Julius II tomb.

Maria SS. Della Catena was sculpted in Palermo in the early 1540s.It was the most beautiful Madonna among several others sculpted around that time. Several towns including Librizzi wanted the statue and a fierce dispute arose, Librizzi was the lucky winner.

The statue resides in the church of Maria SS. Della Catena and located right under the Muscara’ Family Stemma (Coat of Arms).


CARMELO RIFICI, A BIG THANK YOU FOR ALLOWING ME TO USE YOUR PHOTOS

Tuesday, August 11, 2009

MEMORIES FROM MY ELEMENTARY SCHOOL DAYS


Ferula or Fella
Photos by Carmelo Rifici
Memories of school days often flit through my mind, some are seen through rosy glasses and others are painfully bittersweet. One memory that has haunted me all of my life and which still causes me vivid pain is the incident with the FELLA.
I grew up in the beautiful little town of Librizzi where everyone knew everyone else, and almost everyone seemed to have a connection to one’s family. My teacher for the first five years of my schooling was my beloved Concettina Bisagni. She challenged me to learn, to ask questions, to be observant, and particularly to enjoy reading everything and anything imaginable. I remember reading every book in her school library as well as her private library. I was allowed to bring home any of her books that I chose to read, and I did so frequently. I remember reading late into the night, usually under the covers with the help of a flashlight.
The town offered only the first five years of schooling and if a student wanted to attend the Ginnasio , she had to travel by bus to the town of Patti. The trip took only about twenty minutes. My father’s plan was to send me to the Ginnasio but I had to wait a year so that I would travel with my brother who was a school year behind me. My father basically wanted my younger brother to guard me and to protect me from possible imaginary harm! Of course I could not just sit at home for a whole year while my brother finished his elementary schooling so my father decided that I would repeat fifth grade, this meant that I would be in the same classroom as my brother. No, I did not like this idea, in fact it was humiliating for me to have to ‘repeat’ a school year as if I had failed a grade. But I was not given a choice.
School children in Librizzi learned pretty quickly that there were consequences for misbehaving in the classroom. Discipline was commonly enforced by means of corporal punishment, usually in the form of a few taps on the open palm of the hand with a magic wand. Well not a magic wand but a “fella”, stick in English. Once a child felt the sting of the fella and saw the red imprint that it left on the palm she would work hard at not repeating the unaccepted behavior. If the teacher was particularly displeased she would hit hard enough to cause a welt to form on the palm. Signora Bisagni’s desk was usually decorated with a fella but to my recollection she never used it to punish me nor any of my classmates. Looking back I realize that she had ways, other than corporal punishment, to motivate her students to pay attention and to do their best. For me the motivational factor was the permission to take home her books to be read at my convenience.
It certainly was an eye opener when I entered the 5th grade for the second time and with a different teacher. It did not take long for me to discover that not all teachers are made of the same cloth. My brother’s elementary school teacher was indeed very different. He was extremely severe and the use of the fella on his students was frequent and forceful. At first I did not have any personal fears since he was my father’s cousin but soon I was to learn otherwise. To my great disillusionment the day arrived when my sweet memories of Signora Bisagni’s class were to be forever tainted by the memories of an incident beyond my control.
I recall that fateful day very clearly. The teacher asked a question and then called on a student for an answer but the correct answer eluded the unfortunate student. The teacher proceeded to ask a student and then another student and another student. He called every student in the class including my brother but no one was able to give an acceptable answer. Lastly he called on me. Well, Signora Bisagni had taught me well and I knew to always look at the footnotes. Yes, the answer to the question was in the footnotes! And so I gave the correct answer. Anticipating the dreaded use of the fella on my hands, I was greatly relieved to come up with the correct answer and certainly I was a little proud to be the star of the day. But my moment of educational pleasure was quickly dispelled. The teacher put the fella in my hands and commanded me to give each and every student in the class two ‘colpi della fella’. My reward became my classmate’s punishment! Worse, I had to hit my own brother. Halfheartedly and with tears in my eyes, I administered the punishment. When my brother’s turn to receive the bastonate arrived I tried to mitigate the damage by giving just little taps. The teacher who had supervised each and every hit with the ‘fella’ did not think that I had hit my brother hard enough and insisted that I do it again and with force.
Yes, my classmates were punished for not having the correct answer but I was forever punished for having the correct answer. I have never forgotten the pain that I felt while hitting my classmates and the agony felt when castigating my own brother. The humiliation, the pain, the vision of the domineering teacher, and the fella used as a disciplinary weapon, will always haunt me.
I became a teacher and honored my much admired Signora Bisagni by following her positive and wise methods to motivate my students.
Maria
August 31, 2009
I have just discovered that my beloved teacher's full name was Concettina Tollaro Bisagni, Tollaro being her maiden name.
I also discovered that she taught for 51 years! During her 50th year of teaching, the Italian Ministero della Publica Istruzione awarded her the Medaglia d'Oro, Gold Medal. To honor the teacher and her award, the town celebrated with a big party.
This new information was made available to me by Tindaro Gatani a distinguished Librizzese, writer, recipient of many awards.

Sunday, August 2, 2009

Librizzi as seen from Pianoforno

Antonino Muscara and WWII




The story of my family is closely tied to the events of the two World Wars. The First World War left my mother an orphan and the Second World War forever changed her husband’s life and that of their children.

The story of Gioacchino Luca, mom’s father, is found in my entry of Monday, July 20, 2009, titled “HONORING GRANDPA GIOACCHINO LUCA” .

Certainly mom’s view of the world and the decisions that she made were determined by the fact that she was orphaned before she reached her second birthday and was raised by elderly grandparents and a thirteen year old aunt. Her life choices were not what they might have been if she had been raised in the land of her birth and by her own parents. Mom was only 17 years old when she made one of her major decisions. Against her family’s advice, she insisted on marrying Antonino Muscara’, a young man whose adult life was shaped by the events of the Second World War.

My memories of WWII and the story of my father are the subject of the story that follows this introduction. It is written in Italian because it was originally written for an Italian website as a documentary and personal testimonial to the events of WWII and how it affected the town of Librizzi. The following introduction gives a brief synopsis in English for those readers who are not familiar with the Italian language.

Antonino Muscarà was the son of Giuseppe Muscarà (Don Pippinu) and Maria (Catena) Rottino. He was the last of nine children and was spoiled by his adoring siblings. As a young man he was the bee that visited lots of flowers. He grew up in Librizzi in an era when wealth gave power and an "easy" life. Young men from well to do families did not work and had plenty of time to pursue their youthful interest, my father was no exception. I have been told by a 94 year old woman who knew him as a young man, that he was a stylish and handsome man and that many young ladies pursued him.

Antonino whose nickname was Ninì was trained in music and voice. He studied a variety of instruments and he studied opera. He was very talented and wanted to continue his studies, however in his late teens something happened to make his parents angry enough with him to deny him further musical training. His talent was quite obvious, any instrument that he tried out he could play expertly, from the mandolin to the piano. Throughout his life he spent hours and hours playing a variety of instruments, most of them self-taught. He was a talented and ambitious man but the achievement of his musical goals were denied and desperation is what surrounded his soul. Antonino had a beautiful voice and every Sunday, as far back as I can remember, sang arias from his favorite operas. He always included the aria from Tosca sung by the protagonist Mario Cavaradossi as he prepares to die. Obviously Mario is desperate as he is about to die and loose his beloved Tosca. "E luccevan le stelle....... ed io muoio disperato...". This is what my father felt, desperation. This feeling of desperation is what motivated him in blaming everyone for his unfulfilled dreams and goals.

Antonino was a musician, a singer, a husband, a father, and a tortured soul. He could be a kind and selfless man one minute and the next minute he would turn into an angry and out of control man. Because of his behavior his family suffered a lifetime of unspeakable unhappiness.

But there is more to his story. He was the product of two years spent at a concentration camp in Germany. It is my opinion that those two years cemented his fate and that of his wife and children.

The following is a short version of his war experiences:

According to his official military records, Antonino Muscarà was called to report for his leva (draft) in 1934, he was 19 years old. He went through the training and then was put on leave, congedo illimitato, until needed. At this point he was soldato di leva class of 1915 (the date of his birth). He was called up in July of 1936 but soon he was in the military hospital in Messina, from there he was sent on a 6 months convalescence leave. In November of 1936 he volunteered for the A.O.I( Campagna in Africa Orientale) and was put in the 10th Reggimento Genio, based in Santa Maria Capua Vedere, but once again he ended up in the Military Hospital in Caserta From Caserta he was sent to the Military Hospital in Messina and then placed on unlimited leave to convalesce.

In 1940 he was called to serve in the war and on July 28 he joined the 29th Divisione di Fanteria Piemonte, 3d Rgt. fanteria Piemonte which was at the war front. That year the war front was in Albania and over the border in Greece. Once again he was given leave as of September 10, 1940. On July 4,1941 he was recalled to arms and rejoined the 3d Reggimento fanteria Piemonte which was in the Albania-Greece war zone.

The next entry in the documents is that he rejoined the 3d Reggimento fanteria, specifically the 303d Reggimento. He arrived at the war front in Greece February 8, 1943. He was captured by the Germans in Greece on September 8 (or soon after the 8th), 1943. He was taken to the lagers, concentration camps, in Germany and for two years was forced into slave labor. He was freed from the lager by the Allies May 8, 1945 and was in their custody until August 9, 1945. He arrived in Italy October 5, 1945. The 29th Divisione di Fanteria Piemonte was stationed in the Peloponnese with the main base in Patrasso. The 303d was in the Argolide sector. Once Antonino was captured he became one of the Italiani Militari Internati, or IMI for short.

September 8, 1943 was the day that Italy signed the Armistice with the Allied Forces. On this day the Italian soldiers and officers in Greece were left without any direction and it was on this day that the Italian Resistance to the Nazis began. The Italian soldiers were repeatedly asked to join the Nazis and swear allegiance to Hitler, at the same time they were promised that once they put down their arms, they would be transported to Italy. Most of the Italian soldiers gave a resounding NO for an answer. Some of the soldiers decided to fight against the German troops as was the case in Cefalonia, others joined the local Greek resistance. Over 650,000 Italian soldiers chose not to join the Nazis and by doing so they chose to be sent to concentration camps in Germany. The Nazis proved to be the usual vile liars whose promises to return the soldiers to Italy was just a cowardly lie. They had planned all along to send the soldiers to concentration camps and to force them into slave labor. In an act of revenge the abuse and dehumanization of the Italian soldiers, who were now considered traitors, began. They were not treated as POW instead the Germans conveniently coined a new category Internati Militari Italiani. As IMI they were not covered by the Geneva Convention (which the Germans had signed in 1929), and no help was received by the International Red Cross.

That horrible September of 1943 and during the following months, the Italian soldiers were placed on animal transport trains, fifty or more soldiers standing in each car without food and water, and without the opportunity to get off the trains to take care of their bodily needs. Hungry, thirsty, filthy, full of lice, full of fear, the soldiers arrived at the concentration camps in Germany. Once they arrived at the holding camps they were told to disrobe and then totally nude, they were kept standing for many hours in the courtyards. Eventually they were brought to a location where they were subjected to disinfecting "showers", after which they were placed under an infernal machine that in one twirl pulled off their hair. For the next two years the Italian soldiers were deprived of any decent food and hunger was their constant companion, their meals consisted of boiled water with a few pieces of potatoes, often just the peels of the potatoes, or a few pieces of turnips. Occasionally they would be given something that passed as bread made with mostly straw or saw-dust, each of the so called loaf of "bread" had to be divided among five or more people. The famished and unnourished soldiers had to find ways to survive and, although against camp rules, in their desperation they went looking through the trash for potato peels and other detritus. Unfortunately as the Italian soldiers were caught foraging through the trash, they would be shot on the spot, sent to the extermination camps, or if lucky they would be beaten severely until they passed out or died. Toward the end of his life Antonino finally talked about the hunger that he experienced and the punishment that he received when he was caught looking through the garbage for anything that might pass as food. He said that he was savagely beaten to a pulp with the butt of the Nazi guard’s rifle.

Throughout the imprisonment years, the soldiers were forced to work in the industries that produced war weapons, including the V1 and the V2 which were produced in the infernal tunnels of the DORA camp. In addition to working in the German war industry, the IMI were forced to work in all industries including private businesses. Antonino was forced to work in making bombs, bombs which would be used against his own country! Did he work in the dreaded and deadly DORA? The enslaved IMI worked for 12 or more hours a day seven days a week. In winter they walked to the work site in the bitter snows of Germany without any coats and only rags for clothing, no shoes except for wooden contraptions. Weak from the lack of food and the hard work, the soldiers would quickly deteriorate at which time they were checked off and sent to the extermination camps. Over 60,000 Italian soldiers were killed in German concentration camps. Those that "survived" were sick with typhoid, scarlet fever, tuberculosis, dysentery, etc.

The horrible experience at the concentration camps was further compounded by the indifference the IMI found upon their return to Italy. Italy did not want to know or to acknowledge the experience of the IMI. Italy wanted to forget the recent past and in doing so they silenced the very people who needed to be heard. One of the IMI who survived the ordeal wrote “To tell just a little was not right, to tell the truth you were not believed, then I decided not to tell. I was a prisoner and that is that, I used to say.” Of the surviving IMI some "adjusted" by forgetting, a few got help, some committed actual suicide, others committed a lifelong emotional suicide. I believe that my father was one of the walking dead who committed lifelong emotional suicide.

The families of IMI also suffered the bitter consequences of the "marked" and forever changed men. Forever marked by the bitter and cruel experiences at the hands of the Godless Germans in concentration camps. Camps filled with hatred, derisions, violence, abject deprivations, unimaginable hunger, diseases, vengeful assassinations, constant fear of imminent death, constant longing for their children wives mothers. The survivors returned but they were not the same husbands, fathers, sons, and for some families began a journey into a lifetime of hell. Just as the IMI were the victims and slaves of Hitler so were the families of the IMI, all victims of Hitler and his shameless conscienceless countrymen!

A widow of an IMI writes that after her husband’s return he “never again had a normal life, was never able to say that things were going well…”. A survivor of the lagers says “no matter what I do, everything brings me back to the camp, whatever I see, my spirit always returns to the same place… it truly never leaves me…”

I have read all of the books written by the chemist Primo Levi, an Italian of Jewish ancestry who was sent to Auschwitz. According to his writings, his experience in the concentration camps was similar to the experiences of the Italian soldiers. Primo Levi committed suicide in 1987 as did other survivors of concentration camps. I have also read hundreds of accounts by former IMI who are now in their 80s and 90s and who are finally recording, orally and in writing, their experiences “so that future generations know of these horrendous events, so that they bear witness for those who no longer speak for themselves”.

Primo Levi’s book “Se questo e’ un uomo”, in English “Survival in Auschwitz”, is the account of his ten months in the German death camp. The book is introduced by the following poem:

You who live safe
In your warm houses,
You who find warm food
And friendly faces when you return home.
Who works in mud,
Who knows no peace,
Who fights for a crust of bread,
Who dies by a yes or a no.
Consider if this is a woman
Without hair, without name,
Without the strength to remember,
Empty are her eyes, cold her womb,
Like a frog in winter.
Never forget that this has happened.
Remember these words.
Engrave them in your hearts,
When at home or in the street,
When lying down, when getting up.
Repeat them to your children.
Or may your houses be destroyed,
May illness strike you down,
May your offspring turn their faces from you.

Primo Levi's book "The Reawakening" is introduced by the following poem:

Dreams used to come in the brutal nights,
Dreams crowding and violent
Dreamt with body and soul,
Of going home, of eating, of telling our story.
Until, quickly and quietly, came
The dawn reveille:
Wstawàch.
And the heart cracked in the breast.

Now we have found our home again,
Our hunger is quenched,
All the stories have been told.
It is time. Soon we shall hear again
The alien command:
Wstawàch.


Levi’s conclusion for his book “The Reawakening” is as follows:

“But only after many months did I lose the habit of walking with my glance fixed to the ground, as if searching for something to eat or to pocket hastily or to sell for bread; a dream full of horror has still not ceased to visit me, at sometimes frequent, sometimes longer, intervals. It is a dream within a dream, varied in detail, one in substance. I am sitting at a table with my family, or with friends, or at work, or in the green countryside; in short, in a peaceful relaxed environment, apparently without tension or affliction; yet I feel a deep and subtle anguish, the definite sensation of an impending threat. And in fact, as the dream proceeds, slowly and brutally, each time in a different way, everything collapses, and disintegrates around me, the scenery, the walls, the people, while the anguish becomes more intense and more precise. Now everything has changed into chaos; I am alone in the centre of a grey and turbid nothing, and now, I know what this thing means, and I also know that I have always known it; I am in the Lager once more, and nothing is true outside the Lager. All the rest was a brief pause, a deception of the senses, a dream; my family, nature in flower, my home. Now this inner dream, this dream of peace, is over, and in the outer dream, which continues, gelid, a well-known voice resounds: a single word, not imperious, but brief and subdued. It is the dawn command, of Auschwitz, a foreign word, feared and expected: get up, "Wstawàch."




I have written his story in an effort to try to understand the dysfunctional nature of our family and to forgive our father for the pain that he inflicted on us. I cannot forget but finally I can forgive.

MAY MY FATHER’S TORTURED SOUL REST IN PEACE.



Memorie della Seconda Guerra Mondiale

di Maria Muscarà


I miei ricordi di Guerra sono quelli di una bambina che li rivive dopo sessant’anni con gli occhi di una adulta. I colori, i rumori della guerra, la fame, la paura sono i ricordi più vividi sebbene frammentati. Le emozioni evocate sono sincere sebbene dolorose. La guerra non giovava a nessuno, né ai ricchi né ai poveri. C’era per tutti scarsezza di alimenti, di vestiario, e di tutto ciò che normalmente è necessario nella vita quotidiana. Per questa ragione molti dei miei ricordi sono collegati alla costante ricerca di generi alimentari e di altre cose essenziali.

Quando la nonna Maria e la mamma Fortunata andavano a Bivio Colla e dintorni per comprare qualsiasi genere alimentare disponibile, io, spesso, le accompagnavo. Il nonno don Peppino Muscarà aveva dei terreni nei pressi di Bivio Colla, in località Feo, che da secoli erano proprietà della famiglia Muscarà. Per questa ragione le famiglie che vivevano vicino al Feo conoscevano bene i miei nonni e se avevano qualcosa in più gliela vendevano.

Dal mosaico delle immagini di quei tempi emerge il ricordo del giorno in cui la nonna ha potuto comprare del frumento e siamo andate a un mulino ad acqua, nei pressi di Colla, per farlo macinare. I miei familiari erano contentissimi per ‘il miracolo’ del frumento comprato, ma io ero affascinata dal movimento della ruota del mulino e dalla danza dell’acqua che saltava da pala a pala. Non so di chi era il mulino, ma voglio credere che fosse quello dei Cilona, nella cui famiglia vi sono antenati di mia mamma.

Il frumento era un nutrimento per il corpo, ma in me i campi di grano vicino Colla suscitano vividissimi ricordi di guerra. Ricordo file infinite di soldati tedeschi in marcia, e gli spaventosi rumori dei loro scarponi. Alle file di quei soldati abbino sempre il ricordo dei campi di grano e delle spighe dorate che ondeggiano sotto un risplendente cielo azzurro. I papaveri rossi fra le spighe di frumento, con la loro bellezza, rendevano idilliaco il mio campo. Ero bambina e a quei tempi non potevo analizzare i due aspetti contraddittori, la bellezza della natura, dono di Dio, e la violenza della guerra ideata da uomini spietati. Molti anni dopo ho letto il libro ‘Paz en la Guerra’ (Pace nella Guerra) di Miguel di Unamuno e, ricordando le mie esperienze di guerra, ho potuto comprendere l’apparente assurdità del titolo e l’argomento della storia.

Il ricordo più triste è legato all’invasione della Sicilia, durante l’operazione ‘Husky’. Gli americani bombardano i ponti per ostacolare la ritirata dei tedeschi e per facilitare l'occupazione delle postazioni militari tedesche. La nonna, la zia Teresa, la mia mamma, ed io, come al solito, ci troviamo a Colla per comprare alimenti. Camminiamo vicino ad un ponte quando all’improvviso sentiamo il rombo degli aerei da combattimento. Alcune persone immediatamente si allontanano dal ponte, mentre la mia famiglia vi si rifugia sotto. Un tremendo errore, vero? Certo. Era il ponte che gli americani volevano distruggere, e noi, invece di sottrarci al pericolo, ci mettiamo a rischio di essere colpite dalle bombe. Ma, evidentemente, il destino ci era favorevole: le bombe mancano il ponte e scoppiano, invece, esattamente dove si erano rifugiate le altre persone. In quel momento spaventoso si compì il loro triste destino e rimasero uccise. Non so chi erano quelle povere vittime di guerra ma non le ho dimenticate mai.

La fame era una fedele compagna, a quei tempi, e la gente cercava di cavarsela come meglio poteva. Se non c’era la farina di frumento, la mia mamma macinava i prodotti delle nostre campagne (nocciole, mandorle, castagne...), e con quell’impasto faceva il pane. Era un pane "robusto” dal sapore inconsueto, ma placava i morsi della fame. La mia mamma spesso non mangiava niente perchè dava la sua porzione a me e a mio fratello Pippo.

Non tutti i ricordi di quei tempi sono tristi. Un giorno, come sempre, avevo fame e non c’era niente da mangiare. La nonna Maria Rottino decise di portarmi a casa della famiglia di sua mamma, i Marziano, sperando che almeno loro avessero un tozzo di pane da condividere con me. Stavano cucinando delle frittelle: non avendo farina usavano la pula del frumento. I Librizzesi, in tempi normali, con la pula nutrivano le loro galline, ma nei tristi tempi di guerra è necessario arrangiarsi!

Incomincio a mangiare questa insolita frittella e, nello stesso momento, si leva un ‘chicchirichì’ cantato da un uomo che stava lì accanto, accovacciato con una frittella in mano! Era un parente avvocato, ma non ricordo se era un fratello della nonna o un suo zio. Ancora oggi rido ogni volta che mi ritorna alla mente questo episodio e sono contenta di ricordare che i miei antenati affrontarono le sofferenze e i sacrifici della guerra con coraggio e un bel senso di umorismo. Pace nella guerra, buonumore nella tragedia assurda.

Un esempio della semplicità dei Librizzesi e della loro abilità di adattarsi nei tempi terribili è quello del mio bellissimo vestito bianco. Come per tutte le altre cose, era difficile trovare anche la stoffa per cucire i vestiti. La mia mamma aveva un boa di pelliccia riempito di qualcosa di soffice: lo portò al negozio di sua cugina Caterina Calabrese e, insieme, lo scucirono per scoprire la natura dell’imbottitura: vi trovarono della mussolina bianca che trasformarono in un bellissimo vestito per me. Certo era più bello che gli indumenti fatti di sacchi di patate che alcuni Librizzesi erano costretti ad indossare in quei tempi tristi!



Casematte tedesche (II Guerra Mondiale) nei pressi di Ponte Murmari a Librizzi

Ho già ricordato l’arrivo in Sicilia degli Americani e dei loro alleati e il loro tentativo di impedire la ritirata dei soldati tedeschi che ripiegavano. Allo stesso modo i Tedeschi distruggevano, dietro di loro, strade, ponti,.... per ostacolare l’avanzata degli alleati. I durissimi bombardamenti aerei degli alleati e i contrattacchi dei tedeschi diedero vita a battaglie accanite, violentissime, senza tregua. Sull’orizzonte di Patti e lungo tutta la costa del Nord-Est l’azzurro del cielo normalmente sereno e limpido diventò un caos infernale di macchine da guerra. I Macchi italiani, i Messerschimitt e i Stuka dei tedeschi, gli Spitfire inglesi, i Thunderbolts degli americani affollavano il cielo e si intrecciavano in una danza macabra che spesso si concludeva con uno scoppio fiammante e con gli aerei che precipitavano come una palla di fuoco. Di notte i bombardamenti illuminavano a giorno il cielo e gli aerei in fiamme sembravano comete brillanti che traversavano il cielo per poi cadere su Patti.

Questa vista era resa ancora più drammatica dal rombo degli aerei: un rimbombo strano, che, ancora oggi, quando avverto un rumore simile, con una reazione istintiva, provo la stessa paura di quei giorni lontani. Ricordo che la mamma e altri Librizzesi quando udivano il rombo dei motori degli aerei, invece che nascondersi nei rifugi, correvano fuori casa per osservare quello spettacolo aereo. Non so se i Librizzesi fossero molto coraggiosi o se, semplicemente, credessero che Librizzi non fosse un obiettivo dei nemici. Ricordo, però, che quando i soldati anglo-americani arrivarono nei pressi di Bivio Colla incominciò un fuggi fuggi verso le campagne, in direzione Pantano, Fossa,....

Erano assai diffuse le voci di stupri e di violenza su donne e ragazzine ad opera dei soldati alleati. Forse, i Librizzesi già conoscevano gli ordini del generale americano G.S. Patton (comandante della Settima Armata) agli ufficiali della 45th Infantry Division (i Thunderbirds) di uccidere i militari nemici che non si fossero ancora arresi quando le fanterie statunitensi fossero giunte a 200 yards di distanza. O forse i Librizzesi già sapevano del Massacro di Biscari (oggi Acate) dove tra il 12 e il 15 luglio più di 70 prigionieri italiani (e due tedeschi) furono fucilati da due militari statunitensi. O forse sapevano dei massacri di Comiso e Canicattì. I Librizzesi, comunque, temendo il peggio si rifugiarono in campagna.

Quell’agosto del ’43 io ero una bambina di tre anni e otto mesi e non capivo le implicazioni della guerra. Per me quell’episodio è un ricordo molto piacevole perchè fu il mio benamato nonno Pippinu Muscarà che mi portò in campagna. A quei tempi il nonno possedeva dei cavalli e il giorno della fuga cavalcai uno di essi insieme a mio fratello Pippo, un infante di un anno e quattro mesi: lui stava davanti al nonno, mentre io lo abbracciavo forte forte da dietro.

Con una galoppata a briglia sciolta incominciò la nostra fuga verso la campagna. Io ero contentissima, abbracciata al nonno, con i capelli sciolti al vento, che accarezzava il mio visino. Quella fuga è stata una corsa veramente molto esilarante per quella bambina di tanti anni fa. Il nonno ci portò in una casa di campagna di un suo amico, nella quale già avevano trovato rifugio molti altri Librizzesi, e ritornò subito a Librizzi Centro per ‘salvare’ altri nipoti e altri familiari: fece avanti e indietro fino a quando tutta la famiglia fu portata lontana dal pericolo.

Assolto il suo compito di metterci in salvo, ritornò in paese per ‘difendere’ la sua casa, se necessario. Sfortunatamente Pippo ed io fummo separati dal resto della famiglia, che aveva trovato sistemazione in un’altra casa di campagna. Tutta la notte la mia mamma e altri parenti andarono alla nostra ricerca, ma ci trovarono solo il giorno dopo.

Giunge la nuova sera: i bambini dormono in casa mentre gli adulti si coricano all’aperto. Durante la notte mi sveglio e cerco la mamma; la trovo all’esterno insieme alle zie e alla nonna e mi corico con loro, sotto le stelle scintillanti, nella calda notte d’estate: provavo una piacevole sensazione di pace e di benessere. Restiamo in campagna per alcuni giorni fino a quando gli Alleati non sono abbastanza lontani da Bivio Colla e da Librizzi Centro.

La spedizione Husky termina in Sicilia il 17 agosto1943, lo stesso giorno in cui l’esercito tedesco si ritira in Calabria. L’otto settembre dello stesso anno Italia firma l’Armistizio con gli Alleati: quel giorno si scatena l’inferno sulla terra.

Per oltre due anni dall’armistizio mia mamma non ebbe più notizie di suo marito Antonino (Ninì) Muscarà, un soldato italiano di stanza in Grecia (nel Peloponneso). Un giorno di ottobre del ’45 mio padre all’improvviso riapparve a Librizzi. Disse di essere stato prigioniero di guerra nei lager di Germania dove i tedeschi lo avevano costretto a fabbricare bombe.

Dopo i primi giorni, non parlò mai più delle sue esperienze di guerra, eccetto una volta prima di morire. Con il suo ritorno incominciò per me e per la mia famiglia un calvario di sofferenze, umiliazioni, angoscia. Le azioni di mio padre erano bizzarre, imprevedibili, esplosive, senza spiegazione.

La sua prima azione drastica fu di rasare i miei capelli e di mandarmi a scuola con la testa depilata come un pollo spiumato. Immaginate le derisioni dei miei compagni di scuola e la vergogna che provai! Giorni dopo preparò un bel piatto di pasta, ma non ce la servì perché voleva che ci cibassimo con l’acqua di cottura raffreddata. Un altro giorno preparò un biancomangiare con fettine di lardo bruciato. Non potevo mangiare quelle porcherie che mi facevano vomitare e preferivo subire gli inevitabili castighi. Con il passare del tempo la sua pazzia peggiorava e le sofferenze inflitte a sua moglie e ai figli causavano danni irreparabili. Allo stesso tempo lui soffriva di una immensa angoscia, piangeva, era pieno di rimorso, si sentiva disperato. Fu deciso di emigrare in America sperando in un miglioramento del comportamento di nostro padre, ma le sue pazzie continuarono e anche peggiorarono: la nostra vita era un grande doloroso incubo. Quel tormentato uomo che fu mio padre è morto nel 1985.

Ma la storia non finisce con la sua morte. Volevo capire perchè un uomo a volte magnanimo e dal cuore tenero all’improvviso e senza provocazioni si trasformava in un demonio maligno, un vero Jakell and Hyde. Spesso mi domandavo “E’ matto?”. “E’ nato malvagio?”

Dopo la guerra del Vietnam apparvero nei giornali e sulle riviste americane storie di reduci che si comportavano male, diventavano responsabili di atti violenti, assumevano comportamenti antisociali, o si suicidavano. I medici volevano capire perchè tantissimi reduci erano violenti, depressi, autodistruttivi. Fecero accertamenti clinici e conclusero che gli ex soldati soffrivano di Post Traumatic Stress Sindrome: una nuova malattia di natura psichiatrica causata da avvenimenti orripilanti vissuti durante una guerra, una malattia che si può controllare con la terapia e le medicine. Leggendo questi saggi ho compreso che alcuni comportamenti e alcuni atti di mio padre erano simili a quelli dei reduci del Vietnam: allora ho deciso di ricostruire la storia militare di mio padre e di studiare la Seconda Guerra Mondiale. Ho trovato un inferno.

Il foglio matricolare e caratteriale di mio padre mostra che fu chiamato alle armi e il 28 luglio 1940 giunse al 3° Reggimento Fanteria Piemonte di stanza in territorio dichiarato in stato di guerra. Il 10 settembre 1940 è ricollocato in congedo a Messina. Richiamato ancora alle armi, e incorporato nel 3° Reggimento Fanteria Piemonte, è giunto in territorio dichiarato in stato di guerra il 4 luglio 1941. L’otto febbraio 1943 ancora una volta raggiunge la Divisione Fanteria Piemonte dislocata in Grecia. Fu assegnato al 303° Reggimento Fanteria. L’otto settembre 1943 fu catturato e fatto prigioniero dai tedeschi e in tale condizione rimase fino all’8 maggio 1945. Fu trattenuto dalle FF. AA. Alleate fino al 9 agosto 1945. Ritornò al suo paese, a Librizzi, nell’ottobre del 1945.

Nel 1943 la 29a Divisione di Fanteria Piemonte era formata da 3°, 4°, e 303° Reggimento Fanteria Piemonte ed era dislocata nel Peloponneso con base a Patrasso. Il 303° Rgt. era di stanza nel settore Argolide. Dopo l’8 settembre oltre 650.000 militari italiani finirono prigionieri in mano tedesca: mio padre fu uno dei catturati e fu forzosamente avviato ai lager in Germania. Per i soldati italiani in Grecia quei giorni di settembre furono giorni orribili per le umiliazioni, le barbare fucilazioni di massa, e le rappresaglie perpetrate dai tedeschi.

In quegli stessi giorni più di novemila soldati della Divisione Acqui in Cefalonia e il loro Generale Gandin furono brutalmente massacrati. La Resistenza nacque quel settembre quando i militari italiani rifiutarono di collaborare con i tedeschi e, per questo, furono internati nei campi di concentramento in Germania e costretti al lavoro coatto.

Come hanno potuto i tedeschi trasformare i prigionieri italiani in ‘Schiavi di Hitler’? Bene, i tedeschi adottarono una soluzione semplice: “Ai militari italiani non viene riconosciuto lo status di prigionieri di guerra, essi vengono dunque esclusi dai benefici della Convenzione di Ginevra. Per ordine di Hitler gli italiani vengono classificati come Internati Militari Italiani, I.M.I. Con questo artificio i tedeschi hanno mano libera nel loro trattamento e nel massiccio impiego nelle fabbriche del Reich.” (www.schiavidihitler.it )

La degradazione e la disumanizzazione degli IMI incominciò quando questi soldati furono ammucchiati come bestie su vagoni ferroviari e carri bestiame per il trasporto in Germania. Trascorsero molti giorni senza acqua, senza mangiare, privi di tutto inclusa la possibilità di smaltire i bisogni corporali: dovettero persino convivere con i cadaveri dei più sfortunati. In stracci, affamati, assetati, sudici, pieni di pidocchi, impauriti, i soldati arrivarono ai campi di smistamento: li fecero spogliare completamente e mettere in fila, lasciandoli così per moltissime ore nella neve e sotto la pioggia a morire di freddo. Poi furono sottoposti a getti di disinfettanti e, ancora nudi, furono portati in una stanza dove "c'era una grossa ruota rudimentale con un tubo e in cima a questo vi era una macchina per rapare il cuoio capelluto con relativa manovella che, a turno, la si faceva girare togliendo tutti i peli con un dolore tremendo, perchè più di tagliare i capelli li strappava.” (Racconto di Albertina e Giovanni, su www.indiapr.it/giovannialbertina ).

E intanto i tedeschi gridavano “Italiani, traditori! Ora siete in Germania: ve la faremo veder brutta! Tu! Italiano di merda!....” Dai campi di smistamento i nostri militari furono trasferiti nei campi di concentramento per il lavoro coatto.

Mio padre fu destinato a una fabbrica di munizioni con il compito di costruire bombe. Fu mandato alla fabbrica sotterranea DORA: un sottocampo di Buchenwald? Furono le bombe V1 e V2 che gli fecero fabbricare?

Per i successivi due anni gli IMI soffrirono la scarsezza di cibo e la fame fu loro costante compagna. I loro pasti consistevano in acqua bollita con bucce di patate, o rape, o pannocchie del granturco sgranate, o di un piccolo tozzo di pane fatto per la maggior parte di segatura.

Affamati e disperati gli IMI cacciavano topi, mangiavano erbe, cercavano nei rifiuti bucce di patate e altri resti nonostante sapessero che, se scoperti dai tedeschi, sarebbero stati severamente picchiati, o fucilati, o mandati ai campi di sterminio. Mia sorella, recentemente, mi ha detto che prima di morire nostro padre raccontò che nel lager ogni volta che cercava bucce di patate nei rifiuti lo picchiavano brutalmente con il calcio del fucile.

Anche se privati di tutto, ammalati, denutriti, ridotti a scheletri viventi erano costretti a lavorare 12 o più ore al giorno. D’inverno camminavano nella neve per raggiungere il posto del loro lavoro coatto vestiti di brandelli e senza scarpe. Quando gli IMI non erano più in condizione di lavorare venivano mandati ai campi di sterminio. Dei più di 650.000 IMI nei lager di Germania 60.000 non sono ritornati in patria, uccisi nel mattatoio tedesco. Laceri, sconvolti e traumatizzati gli IMI che sopravvissero ai lager ritornarono in una Italia che non ha voluto sapere delle loro sofferenze, in una Italia che voleva solo dimenticare la guerra al più presto.


Nel silenzio della loro Patria e non compresi neanche dalle loro famiglie, alcuni reduci ‘dimenticarono’ la loro prigionia e si ‘adattarono’ a vivere; altri si suicidarono; e per altri fu un lento suicidio, un tormento della mente che durò una vita. Io credo che mio padre, una vittima di Hitler, fu un morto vivo, un naufrago. Segnato nel fisico e nella mente, la vita fu per lui un lento suicidio.

Voleva pace ma non la trovò mai. Le sue sofferenze furono le sofferenze della sua famiglia e fino alla sua morte la guerra continuò nella nostra casa, la pace fu un sogno illusorio. Chissà, forse con la sua morte fisica finalmente è terminata la guerra per mio padre ed ha trovato la sua pace. Amen.

Ho letto moltissime testimonianze sul sito http://www.schiavidihitler.it e su altri siti web, ho letto libri scritti da sopravviventi dei lager,.... Tutto quel che ho letto ha in comune il leitmotif della fame, delle bastonate, degli eccidi, della paura, della spersonalizzazione, della degradazione, delle pene, delle sofferenze ...

La memoria di V. Giuseppe intitolata “Siamo i dimenticati” dà qualche precisazione:

1. Assistenza Croce Rossa, per noi italiani NESSUNA, (eravamo considerati “i traditori”)

2. ....il lavoro coatto, umiliazioni, angherie, botte...

3. Vitto: consisteva in rape, bucce di patate, qualche carota (il tutto cotto in acqua), poco pane confezionato al 70% con segatura, ....

4. Servizi igienici inesistenti: consistevano in bidoni vuoti di benzina;

5. Igiene in genere: inesistente; pidocchi, cimici, pulci a volontà

6. Inviti ad aderire alla Repubblica di Salò: molti, specie nel primo anno; Adesioni: pochissime.

7. AIUTI AVUTI DAL GOVERNO ITALIANO: mai nessuno. Siamo “I dimenticati”.

Dalle memorie di un internato: “Raccontare poco non era giusto, raccontare il vero non si era creduti, allora ho evitato di raccontare. Sono stato prigioniero e bon, dicevo”.

Dice il filosofo Jean Amèry, torturato dalla Gestapo e deportato ad Auschwitz: “Anyone who has been tortured remains tortured [...] Anyone who has suffered torture never again will be able to be at ease in the world, the abomination of the annihilation is never extinguished. Faith in humanity, already cracked by the first slap in the face, then demolished by torture, is never acquired again.” ("Chi è stato torturato rimane torturato [...] Chi ha subito il tormento non potrà più ambientarsi nel mondo, l'abominio dell'annullamento non si estingue mai. La fiducia nell'umanità, già incrinata dal primo schiaffo sul viso, demolita poi dalla tortura, non si riacquista più").

Dice T. Vittorio: “Rispetto a tanti miei compagni, (specie quelli che non sono più tornati) sono stato fortunato. Se così si può dire di uno che comunque è passato per i lager di Hitler.”

Primo Levi racconta la sua esperienza vissuta nel Lager nel suo libro “Se questo è un uomo”. Questa è la poesia che fa da preludio al racconto:

"Se questo è un uomo"

Voi che vivete sicuri
Nelle vostre tiepide case,
voi che trovate tornando a sera
Il cibo caldo e visi amici:
Considerate se questo è un uomo
Che lavora nel fango
Che non conosce pace
Che lotta per un pezzo di pane
Che muore per un sì o per un no.
Considerate se questa è una donna,
Senza capelli e senza nome
Senza più forza di ricordare
Vuoti gli occhi e freddo il grembo
Come una rana d’inverno.
Meditate che questo è stato:
Vi comando queste parole.
Scolpitele nel vostro cuore
Stando in casa andando per via,
Coricandovi alzandovi;
Ripetetele ai vostri figli.
O vi si sfaccia la casa,
La malattia vi impedisca,
I vostri nati torcano il viso da voi.


* * * * * * * *


Dedico queste memorie a tutti gli I.M.I.

“Per non dimenticare”
“Lest we forget”


Maria Muscarà


Fonti consultate:

Primo Levi:

1. “Se questo e un uomo”
2. “La tregua”
3. “I sommersi e i salvati”

Luis De Bernieres:

1. “Corelli’s Mandolin”

Siti sul Web:

1. www.schiavidihitler.it
2. http://www.comune.dairago.mi.it/ITText/storia/diari.htm Sezione Storia Rimembranze Diari. Leggere specialmente il Diario di Carlo Colombo: Memorie di un deportato in Germania(1943-1945)
3. www.indiapr.it/giovannialbertina “La lunga marcia verso casa”
4. http://itcleopardi.scuolaer.it/page.asp?Tipo=GENERICO&IDCat... Molto interessante la sezione “Il soldato italiano nel lager nazista” testo di Astro Gambari.


(Ringrazio il gentile cugino e amico Carmelo Rifici per il suo incoraggiamento a scrivere le mie memorie di guerra, per alcune foto inserite a corredo del testo, e per avermi ospitata sul suo interessantissimo sito web www.librizziacolori.eu .)


Monumento ai caduti e dispersi della Seconda Guerra Mondiale eretto dai Mutiltati ed Invalidi di Guerra di Librizzi


Photo by Carmelo Rifici

Tuesday, July 21, 2009




Librizzi

by
Maria Muscarà


"It is not that I belong to the past, but that the past belongs to me"


I dedicate this blog to my children, grandchildren, ancestors, descendants and the town of Librizzi.


My life and my story began in Sicily in a town called Librizzi. Majestic Librizzi, beautiful Librizzi, treacherous Librizzi, unforgettable Librizzi.

The town of Librizzi has always fascinated her citizens and like a Greek Siren charms and chains them to Herself. Once Librizzi catches you in her sweet and magical web you can never extricate her presence from your heart. In the 17th century one of my ancestors il Dott. Francesco Muscarà wrote a poem as a tribute to another Librizzese Il Cavalier Antonio Collurafi to be placed in the book "Il Nobile Veneto" by Collurafi. (Antonio Collurafi, philosopher, author, teacher, historian, was one of my Librizzi ancestors on my mother's Calabrese and Luca lineages.) Although the poem is in praise of Antonio Collurafi, it is also a poem in praise of Librizzi. Librizzi forever immortalized by my ancestor! No wonder that even after an absence of fifty six years the town is still part of my heart.


Poem Del Signor Francesco Muscarà

Those are the words of the Seventeenth Century Muscarà. The following is a translation of the poem from the old Italian into the current Italian by a Muscarà descendant who lives in the Twenty First Century. His name is Salvatore T.professor, scholar, researcher, and expert of Latin and Greek.

Del Signor Francesco Muscarà

Questa cittadina, che è un piccolo mondo,
è splendida e primeggia,
è nutrice famosa di illustri eroi,
sposa del grande Nettuno
e vera autrice di sante leggi,
è castigatrice di ogni vizio.
Come la pianta alta, innalza la sua cima "la pianta alta" is Librizzi
dalle libere radici che risorgono
fra le onde d'Adria,
e come madre della gloria,
risplende in ogni clima straniero.
Oh tempo, non avvenga giammai
che una nera nube
oscuri il chiaro lume
e cancelli la gloria dei suoi antichi semidei;
perchè in eterno, per i secoli futuri
vivrà grazie alla tua illustre penna
e , viva, darà a te fama
e a lei una nobile voce.

Two thousand years ago Cicero wrote in the first paragraphs of the "De Legibus" his idealized thoughts about an island found near the birthplace of his ancestors. Although the area whose qualities he extolls is in the mainland of Italy I can identify with the universal feelings about one's roots and one's patria. In the year 2003 after an absence of many decades I returned to the beautiful island of my youth, Sicily. As I walked the streets of Librizzi I felt the presence of my ancestors and we became a unanimous soul. So I repeat Cicero's words: translated into English:

" We walk between the high poplars along the banks shimmering emerald, opaque. We have arrived at the island, there is nothing more beautiful than this. Here it is that the Fibreno opens like a bird's beak. Here is my real home and my brother's too. From here we spring from ancient stock; here all that we call holy. Here our relations, here so many memories of our ancestors."


Photo by Carmelo Rifici

Librizzi rises from a spur in the Monte Cerannoli situated between the streams Petrolo and Librizzi, it faces the Golfo of Patti and the Valle del Timeto. Il Timeto is the river that flows at the feet of Librizzi. From various locations in Librizzi there are spectacular panoramas to be seen. Standing in the Piazza della Catena on a clear day jutting out of the sea are seen the Isole Eolie of Salina, Lipari, Vulcano, Panarea, Basiluzzo, and Stromboli. From the plateau Rifugio delle Martore there is a most beautiful sweeping view of parts of the Province of Messina, and parts of Catania. Mount Etna and the volcano seem to be reachable with an extended hand. In the Pineta di Cirannuli is found a spur surrounded by vast panoramic views including the Monte Ilici(or Fossa della Neve). Librizzi is divided into many zones, some larger than others, the principal on es are Colla-Maffone, Nasidi, and Murmari.

The first documents that mention the "populo Libricii" go back to the year 1117 indicating that the area was inhabited bef ore the founding of the community in 1392 by Bartolomeo D'Aragona. The village was founded near an old look-out tower belonging to the Bishop of Patti. The village was later taken away from Aragona by King Martino and given to Eleonora Centelles a woman of Spanish origin, by 1414 the village was returned to the Bishops of Patti. It is believed that the Chies a Madre was constructed on top of the remains of an old tower of a castle called Bricchinnai (built by Greek colonists, probably from Corinth, Greece), however today there are no visible indications of a former structure. When the village of Librizzi was established it was in fact a fiefdom populated by 53 families descended from the original Greek inhabitants of Sicily, these families were served by 59 families of Arabic descent. Before the Norman conquest of Sicily no fiefdoms existed but after the conquest a heavily taxed feudal system of vassals and feudal lords was instituted by the Normans. In Librizzi members of the 59 families worked the feudal lands, cultivated sugar canes, tended the mulberry trees that sustained the silkworms for the prosperous local silk industry. According to the local records the two ethnic and economically different groups coexisted harmoniously. Today areas of Librizzi still have Arabic derived names such as Contrada Morabiti, Contrada Maradici, an area of Librizzi referred to as Saraceno, etc. By the beginning of the XV Century a strong tension existed between the feudal lords or barons and the rulers of the Kingdom of Sicily, la Regia Gran Corte. There were many revolts or disagreements due to the oppressive taxation, and an emerging strong sense of personal freedoms and rights. By 1537 Costituzioni Sinodali were being drafted in Sicily unifying laity and religious citizens. Little by little Librizzi too was obtaining more freedoms and growing as a community in size and independence f rom the Bishops of Patti. Starting in the early 16th century the town began expanding beyond the Chiesa della Catena and the piazza where this church is located became the new center of the town. The Sicilian Parliament outlawed feudal land holding s in 1812, and the War for the Unification of Italy of the 1860s abolished any vestiges of feudalism. Today the town of Librizzi is no longer dependent on agriculture as its main livelihood, most of the Librizzesi work in salaried jobs. Also many of them have moved from the old areas of the town at the top of the hill to the Bivio Colla at the feet of the hill to be closer to their jobs in nearby towns.

My Muscarà ancestors were instrumental in the running of the feudal lands of Librizzi and in forging from the feudi an independent town. The feudi were governed by the Giurati who were the highest governing officials appointed by the Bishop. The Giurati then appointed and w ere assisted by Maestri Notari and a Capitano. The Segreto and Vicareo Foraneo were also very important administrators as they were the personal representatives of the Bishop whose feudi they governed. In the book "Librizzi" by Antonino D'Amico there is a definition of Secreto,"Ogni Uditore di Rota, giudice della Sacra Romana Rota, poteva scegliere due aiutanti di studio, se era decano anche tre. Ogni aiutante veniva denominato SECRETO, qualifica di un magistrato al grado iniziale e riconosciuto ufficialmente dal collegio rotale." The Sacra Romana Rota is the appellate tr ibunal of the Holy sea and the second highest ecclesiastical court in the Roman Catholic Church. The word Rota(wheel) comes from the fact that the judges called Uditore originally met in a round room to hear cases. Their main function is as appellate tribunal reviewing decisions made by lower courts.

Members of the Muscarà family were at different times of the history of Librizzi Giurati such as Don Andrea Muscarà, and Don Pietro Muscarà (Documented in Riveli di Bene e Anime of 1748), Secreto, Vicareo Foraneo, lawyers, judges, priests, monks.... In 1587, the Secreto in Librizzi was Il Magnifico Pietro Muscarà. The same year Lo Spettabile Gio Matteo Muscarà is mentioned , I do not know what was his profession but his title indicates a high position. In 1655 the Vicareo Foraneo was sacerdote Pietro Muscarà. (Three of the Muscarà family names that were perpetuated from century to century were Francesco, Andrea, and Pietro)

Recently I read some pages of a book titled "Messina Città Nobilissima, descritta in VIII libri", by Giuseppe Bonfiglio e Costanzo, Cavalliere Messinese. The book was published in 1738 and among other things describes and defines what a Giurato was. The author says that the authority of the Giurato was huge as was his "degnità". The Giurati had a huge "patrimony", and they were the ones who elected the "Governatore dell'artiglieria, i capitani, il Promedico, and other positions. The Giurati were not under the rule of the Giurato of the Reign, in other words , the Giurati were just as powerful as the Royal officials. The book colorfully describes the pageantry that surrounded the Giurati, from the black velvet clothes that they wore to the retinue that followed their comings and goings. Their horses wore the "livrea" of the towns that the Giurati visited. Musicians clad in velvet of different colors determined by the instrument that they played such as "tamburi, trombetti, pifferi....." walked ahead of the Giurati as they entered the town. The Corte dei Giurati were assisted by "Assessore, Avvocati, Mastro Notario, quattro Secretarij, Tesoriere", and the already mentioned singers, musicians, etc. Most of the Giurati were of Noble background, but a small number of Cittadini could also be elected.
In my mind's eye I am visualizing my Muscarà ancestors who were Giurati making their "grand entrance" into the town of Librizzi. I am sure that the 18th century Don Andrea Muscarà and Don Pietro Muscarà had no idea that they would live again centuries later in my "memory" and in my genealogy.

The previously mentioned poet "Il Dottore Don Francesco Muscarà" was obviously a scholar and a man of great importance albeit I do not know what his career was at that time. This Don Francesco Muscarà is also mentioned by several authors in books about Librizzi such as the book "Librizzi, Documenti, uomini e fatti prima e dopo il mille" by Antonino D'Amico. In this book there are some short excerpts of communication between Dott. Francesco Muscarà and Antonio Collurafi, the letters were found among the Baptisms and Deaths records of 1598 to 1667. In
one of these records we find out that in 1622 the son of Dott. Francesco Muscarà and his wife gentildonna Masella la rotta died(this is the Fancesco who wrote the poem).
In the Riveli of 1714 I found a different "Il Dottore Don Francesco Muscarà" who was son of Teresa and Antonino, 42 years old, and the Capo di Casa. His young children were Don Rocco age 12, Don Antonino age 10, Donna Angela, Donna Teresa. In addition to the Muscarà family a large number of people who may or may not have been related to him lived in his house. His holdings/assets were vast including the land at the FEU, Sicilian for fiefdom. The document enumerates all of the assets and land owned by Don Francesco and also records the huge amounts of taxes that he had to pay to the Bishop of Patti and the various churches in Librizzi. The Muscarà's FEU was passed down from generation to generation and until his death in the 1960' s it was owned by my grandfather Giuseppe Muscarà(don Pippinu) who was the last direct inheritor of the family estates. I do not know if the FEU is still owned by a Muscarà family member or if it was sold after grandpa's death. The FEU is located by
the Timeto River at the Colla.



Colla, area of FEU

Another Muscarà of note was Don Andreas Muscarà who was born in Librizzi toward the end of the 16th century and who remained an integral part of the town despite his fame and periodic absences from the town. He was a celebrated lawyer, an expert at law, a judge, a scholar and publisher of many Opere Giuridiche. He received many honors, was Assessore of the Grande Curia Archivescovile di Palermo, and Assessore of the Gran Curia Regia. He was a judge of the Concistoro della Regia Coscienza, and he was also a distinguished Avvocato del Fisco where according to official records he demonstrated that he was incorruptible. Don Andreas Muscarà died in Palermo on November 11, 1666. According to the Bishop's Archives in Palermo, Don Andreas is buried in the Church San Antonio di Padova, 90134 Palermo Corso Tukory n.2 Palermo, Sicilia.

TITLES of some of the judicial works published by Don Andreas Muscarà:

Defensionem Immutatis Ecclesiasticis. Palermo, tipografo Nicola Bua e Michele Portanova 1617.

In folium: Consilium in Caus a Competenctia Iurisdizionis Vertente Inter Eminentis. Dom. Card. Montalto

Archepiscopum, tipografo Nicola Bua e Michele P ortanova 1647.
In folium Consilium in Caus a Competenctie Iurisdizionis Vertente Inter Eminentis. Dom. Card. Montalto

Archiepiscum Montis Regalis Ex Una, Illustris Inquisitores Partes Ex Altera. Edito da Francesco Baronio

In Consiliis Diversorum Siculorum Super Privilegio Felicis Urbis Panormi, Quod Fiscus Non Possit Principaliter
Agere Contra Cives. Panormi apud Maringum 1656.

In 4. Allegationes apud Paululm Franciscum Berramut In Costictu Iureconsultorii par. 3 to. 2. à p. 290.
plurimorimum manibus teritur

Consultatio Iuridica Extactione Tanadarum In Donativo Per Tria Brachia Impositum, Ill. E Eccell. D. Ferdinando De Ayala Comiti, Ayale E C. Proregi. m. s. in fol.

Additional inf ormation on Don Andreas Muscarà can be found in "Biblioteca Sicula, Uomini illustri di Sicilia" published by A. Mongitore.

Don Andrea Muscarà is also found in the book "Nobiliario di Sicilia" by Dott. A. Mango di Casalgerardo. This is the information given for the name Muscarà " Un Andrea fu giudice della Gran Corte delRegno negli anni 1654-55-56 e 57, 1663; governatore della Tavola di Palermo nel 1711e del Monte di Pietà dellastessa città nel 1713; un P ietro fu senatore di Palermo nel 1688-89 e consigliere della nobile compagnia deiBianchi di detta città negli anni 1686-86 e 1690-91. Non sappiamo se sia appartenuto a questa stessa famiglia quel Giuseppe, dottore in leggi, che fu giudice capitaniale di Marsala 1812-13."
The Andrea who was governatore della Tavola di Palermo in 1711 is a descendant of the Don Andrea who was giudice della Gran Corte. The Giuseppe who was giudice di Marsala is probably of the same family. I found another Giuseppe Muscarà in Ficarra where he was the town's doctor and surgeon.



Stemma Muscarà

Some Librizzesi think that the Don Andreas Muscarà was instrumental in bringing to Librizzi the beautiful Gagini statue of Maria Santissima della Catena, perhaps at his own expense. This thought is supported by what is found near the beautiful statue which resides in the Church della Catena located in the piazza. The Muscarà Stemma inscribed with the name Don Andreas Muscarà is located near the ceiling high above the Gagini statue(It is the only Stemma in the church). Below the Stemma on the wall behind the Madonna the date 1664 is painted, the number 16 on the left side of the niche and 64 on the opposite s ide. Don Andreas died in the year 1666 so if he made the gift of the statue to the church and the Librizzesi it must have occurred a few years before he died. Some people point out that the Madonna was brought to Librizzi at a time long before Don Andrea. I do not know what was Don Andrea's contribution to the church but I do know is that there is a reason for the location of the Stemma right above the famous statue. I also know that even though Don Andreas was a celebrated "personaggio illustre" living in Palermo at the time of his death, he was born a son of Librizzi and continued to be part of the Librizzi moral and social brotherhood until his death. Additional evidence of his involvement with the citizens of Librizzi is found in the baptismal records where the name of this Don Andreas is frequently mentioned because he was Godfather to many Librizzi children.


Madonna della Catena
Photo by Carmelo Rifici

September 26, 1655 was an important day in the history of Librizzi. It was the day that all of the Cittadini of Librizzi, clergy and secular citizens, swore allegiance to the precepts of the Catholic Church. Each of them recited the following formula "Così prometto, così giuro, così sento, e sui santi Evangeli di Dio". Don Andrea Muscarà was one of the Cittadini who swore allegiance with the following words "Io Andrea Muscarà giudice così sento, così giuro, così prometto, così Dio mi aiuta e questo sopra i santi Evangeli" . Two other Muscarà ancestors who made the vow were sacerdote Pietro Muscarà, vicareo foraneo, and archipresbiter Roccus Muscarà. (There were many other non Muscarà ancestors from my paternal as well as maternal lineages who also made the vow such as sacerdote Agostino de Gregorio, sacerdote Paolo Sidoti, sacerdote Antonino Gatani, sacerdote Benedetto Stuppia, sacerdote Leo di Gregorio, suddiacono Blasio Lamanna, clerico Pascasio Capitti, Don Francesco Finocchiaro governatore di Librizzi, Domenico Stuppia and Nunzio Gugliotta giurati di Librizzi, don Francesco Gregorio,........). In addition to the of ficials there were 161 men and 41 women citizens who made the giuramento, undoubtedly
some of them were Muscarà ancestors.
The Reveli of 1747 and 1748 show that there were several Muscarà priests in Librizzi at that time. For exampleSacerdote Don Simone Muscarà son of Michele Mu scarà and .....Laurea.

The year 1656 was another year that brought to the religious history of Librizzi more drama. Il reverendo Claudio di Todaro had commissioned in 1654 a statue of San Michele Arcangelo (patron Saint of Librizzi). The statue arrived from Napoli to Messina in the year 1656 but having been exposed to contagious elements it was kept on the ship for three months at which time the officials wanted to burn it along with all of the other items from the ship. The statue was so beautiful that it was decided to quarantine it instead. Unfortunately the Messinese intensely loved the statue and did all in th eir power to prevent the statue from leaving their city. After much negotiating the statue was allowed to be brought to the town of Librizzi where it was received with tears and devotion by the Librizzesi. In addition Archiprete Don Rocco Muscarà ordered fireworks to be displayed along with the sound of drums to celebrate the arrival. Finally the statue was brought to the Chiesa Matrice on the orders of the same Don Rocco Muscarà where more celebratory activities occurred. The celebrations included music and a Mass sung by il dott. Pietro Muscarà.
San Michele Arcangelo

On the 25th of October of 1752 the Bishop of Patti came to Librizzi at which time he administered the Sacramento of the Cresima. At this event many Muscarà children were confirmed, and many Muscarà adults were the Godparents to many of the town's young people. At least two of the officiating priests were Muscarà ancestors, Don Andrea Muscarà a descendant of the celebrated lawyer Don Andrea, and Archiprete Rocco Muscarà(a different Rocco from the above mentioned I assume). Don Andrea and Archiprete Rocco were also Godparents to many of
the children that were confirmed.

Cicero attributed the Siciliani the following three characteristics: intelligence, diffidence (sense of distrust), and humor. Librizzi is no exception especially when we are talking about their sense of humor as shown by the following anecdote. In 1786 a big earthquake damaged Librizzi including the Chiesa Madre, la chiesa di S. Biagio, and the chiesa di Maria SS. della Catena. Each of these churches wanted to be restored first and as a result a sense of competition arose. Letters were written to the Bishop one of which shows a great deal of humor by today's thinking.
Among other things the letter explains why the church in the piazza s hould be finished quickly. One of the reason given was to save the women from being "exposed" by the wind when they go to church at the Chiesa Madre at the top of the hill. "....d'affronto e disonore alle povere donne, che colà si portano nell'occasione della Santa Messa, che facilmente avviene ne giorni ventosi vedersi le loro nudità, giacchè alcuni hanno bisognato abbassarsi a terra sino a quanto un intervallo di calma...." This letter was signed by many of my ancestors including members of the
families Natoli, Procopio, Marziano, Arlotta, Bertolone, Capitti, and the Supplicante Salvatore Muscarà(probably the one who was my 3d great grandfather) and Eugenio Muscarà. Good Librizzesi who were trying to spare the faithful Librizzi women from embarrassment and hardship!

Chiesa Madre
Photo by Carmelo Rifici


Piazza Catena


Is it possible that the Librizzesi can be defiant? Fractious? Lets see. The towns around Librizzi refer to the Librizzesi as the "furmiculi russi" Red Ants a moniker that pleases the Librizzesi up to this day. In the local elections in May of 2002 one of the group running for public office had as their symbol a "furmicula russa"! How did they get this appellation? History shows that the Librizzesi became a thorn on the side of different bishops of Patti in whose fiefdom the land of Librizzi belonged. The Librizzesi decided that they did not want to pay the tithe to the Bishop and acted in a r ecalcitrant manner. They disobeyed the Bishops so much and so often that twice, in 1567 and in 1571, the whole town of Librizzi was excommunicated! It is no surprise that many years later in the Reveli of 1748 the Giurati Don Francesco DiBlasio, Don Pietro Barbaro, and Don Pietro Muscarà complained that there were various "difficultà" with the Librizzesi.

Beauty, humor, religion, perseverance, stubbornness, family, land, what else is Librizzi? It is unexpected disasters, earthquakes, storms, mud slides, mushroom poisoning, abandoned babies, childhood mortality, .....

From the above anecdote relating to the 1786 earthquake and from other documents, we already know that earthquakes occurred in Librizzi regularly and sometimes with horrible results. In addition other natural disasters or devastating contagious diseases were prevalent and at times whole families were snuffed out. One example of diseases that devastated Librizzi was the peste(plague) that started in in June of 1577 and ended two years later with the death of Mastro Perseo Greco.
Another examples of a death due to natural disasters was that of Antonino Coppolino who died on December 13, 1837 at the 23th hour . He died "per causa d'essere morto portato da un alluvione". During a flood, the Fiume di Francescido carried Antonino to his death. The year 1837 saw a lot of death in Sicily as cholera hit the Island hard, but interestingly the death toll in Librizzi was rather light. A few years later in 1842 a family perished for reasons unknown. They were Biaggio Procopio, his wife Maria Teresa Amico, and their child Francesca Procopio. (Biaggio and Maria Teresa's daughter, Marianna Procopio, was my 3d great grand aunt. She was married to Filippo Ficarra son of my maternal 4th grandparents Mastro Bonaventura Ficarra and Rosa Gatani.) The year 1844 brought death to another Librizzi family: Catena Mastrantonio, age 13, died October 20; her mother Carmela Mantineo, age 40, died October 25; Carmela's mother Anna Merenda, age 66, died October 27. The father Francesco Mastrantonio died December 11, 1855. In 1883 another family from Montagnareale and living in Librizzi, Natoli/Danzi, perished between May 27 to June 14. Grandparents, parents, and children all were gone within days of each other. Why were whole families periodically wiped out? I do not know but certainly diseases and natural disasters played a huge role.

The year 1852 was a fateful year for the Librizzesi, a huge amount of them died throughout the year and especially in the months of January, February, March, and August. From letters sent by the Librizzi archiprete Francesco Gregorio to the Bishop of Patti one can read that this particular year was beset with "cattivo tempo", bad weather. The mayor Giuseppe Arlotta also writes that the Church della Catena needs repairs due to damages caused by "cattivo tempo". After reading the death documents for that year I have concluded that in 1852 there were a series of alluvioni e frane(floods and landslides) that smothered many Librizzesi. Some of my ancestors who perished that year included members of the following families : Procopio, Marziano and Gregorio on my father's side; Adamo, Salemi, and Gatani on my mother's side. Entire families were wiped out within hours of each other. It is interesting that most of the documents that catalog these deaths are water damaged!

I record the following names in memory of my ancestors who lost their lives in the year 1852:

Cousins: Carmelo Tinghino age 1, January 28; Antonino Gugliotta, age 13, March 21; Don Natale Procopio, age 34, March 29; Michele Collo afi, age 2; Maria Concetta Finichiaro, age 2, August 4; Antonia Sinatò, 9 months, August 12; Rosalia Muscarà, 10 months; Gaetano Merenda, age 44, September; Antonino Ficarra, age 8, October 12; Giuseppe Gugliotta, 10 months, November 12.

Aunts and uncles: Teresa Salemi, 2 days, January 27(daughter of Angela Adamo and Mastro Gaetano Salemi); Donna Maria Gregorio, age 40, March 30; Pietro Merenda, age 88, June 8; Eufrasina Marziano, age 10, July 2; Anna Adamo, age 65, December 12.

Grandparents: Donna Carmela Gregorio, age 70, January 27; Angela Adamo(grandmother on the Luca side of the family), age 45, January 27; Mastro Gaetano Salemi(husband of Angela Adamo) age 40, January 27; Carmela Adamo age 44(sister of Angela; grandmother on the Calabrese side of the family), January 27; Teresa Gatani, age 80, August 30. (Subsequent research indicates that my ancestors died in a landslide. More on this subject on another blog entry.)

AND

Third great grandfather Don Domenico Procopio, age 61, husband of Donna Anna Cilona and son of Don Antonino Procopio(notaro) and Donna Marianna Muscarà). Don Domenico was "ritrovato morto nella contrada Ceruto? perchè soffocato da burrasche". He was found dead suffocated by 'storms'. The date was December 24, 1852. I am sure that for my ancestors it wasn't a very merry Christmas that year. May the above ancestors and all of the Librizzesi that died that year rest in peace.
An aside comment: When I was a young child mom used to point out the remains of a demolished house and then she would tell the story of an avalanche that ocurred in the early 1930s. The avalanche destroyed the house and killed its occupants who were our relatives . She then would point to a house next to it which miraculously wasn't touched at all by the avalanche!

The force of devastating nature was a constant element in the lives of the Librizzesi, as was the force of more gentle flora. Who would have thought that mom's great grandparents would be "affected by funghina? The story was still remembered by mom and her generation, and when I discovered the documentation of this event in the death records of Librizzi, I was totally astounded that the event was a fact and not an embellished remembrance. The year was 1873. These are the members of my family who died because of "affetto di funghina": Don Antonino Procopio (son of Don Pietro Procopio and Donna Catarina Gugliotta), husband of Donna Angela Procopio. A son Giuseppe Procopio, age 11, and a cat. Devastated by the deaths, the pregnant Angela went into labor , the infant twins Giuseppa Procopio and Antonino Procopio died two days later. Before this family catastrophe Antonino and Angela had to face other challenges such as in 1869 when their sons Domenico, age 1, and Francesco, age 13, died probably because of a childhood disease. Donna Angela, furmicula russa that she was, did not let personal tragedy destroy her. She, like many other Librizzesi, was a survivor and did not allow the treacherous path of life snuff her gusto for life. Years later at the age of sixty, to the chagrin of her surviving daughter and mom's grandmother Caterina Procopio, she remarried. Her new husband was Don Carmelo Arlotta.

The inhabitants of Librizzi traditionally have been a family oriented and religiously principled group of people. So it came as a great surprise to me when over and over I read in the birth and death documents about the many children that were "found" here and there. Most of these children of "genitori incogniti" were officially registered by the midwife who would state that she "found" them or that "the parent does not want to be found". Many of these babies died in infancy, but many others survived and were given names by the midwife or by the town officials. Librizzesi as well as other Sicilians of earlier times used humorous and at times poignant names and surnames for these children. Here is a sampling of the names given to these "trovati(found)" babies: Eustachio, Clementina, Colomba, Eugenia, Lucrezia, Matilde, Fabbiana, Amore, Desiderata, ..... Some given surnames were words that meant 'unknown'; often part to the name contained the word for mountain or hill; a combination of numbers such as thirty, fourth, fifth; .... I choose not to divulge the actual surnames out of respect for those innocent children and their descendants.

The names of the midwives were all recorded along with these children of Ignoti Genitori. The babies were placed by the town officials with an appointed care giver but most often these children remained with the midwife who became the care giver. Sometimes, years later, a parent would come forward and claim these children as their own and legitimatize them. One parent who earned my respect was the gentleman Giovanni M. His daughter had been named Concetta Bellezza but became Concetta M. when dad claimed her. It took him twenty years but he finally did the correct and loving thing. It is interesting that the birth record states that the baby was found well dressed and with six gifts by her side. Concetta, her father, and the man that she married were all related to my family. Another male who came forward and claimed his child was a Giovanni F. In fact fathers often claimed and raised their own children without ever divulging the name of the mother. The mother seldom kept a child but if she did, she usually would divulge the father's name. I did find in the birth records one exception, the woman kept her daughter but never divulged the father's name. In general the 'found' children were financially provided for by the town, but often the funds were secretly provided by the "unknown parent" or other relative such as a grandfather.

As the 19th century progressed there were fewer and fewer "found" babies and more and more "figli naturali". The unmarried parents usually lived together as a family and when a child was born the parents declared in the birth records the status of their union. Many years later when the children reached adulthood and were about to marry the parents often would get married first and then legitimize their children. A poignant story was found in the records of 1881 when a thirty five year old woman was on her deathbed and her dying wish was to legitimize her five children "naturali" . The town officials were called to her deathbed and after ascertaining that she was of sound mind, they united in marriage the parents of these children. The children were legitimized a few minutes later. This story was repeated with other dying women in 1885 and in 1903.

The mortality rate for newborn babies and older siblings was extremely high in past centuries as was the untimely death of the mothers. Frequently the mothers died at childbirth or a few days after giving birth, their babies usually died along with the mothers. The husband, usually very young, found himself without a wife and a bunch of children who needed a mother. It was not unusual for the widower to remarry within months of the death of the wife. Sometimes the same person would be widowed and remarried several times throughout his life span. Of course some husbands also died young and the widows often remarried. What I found interesting is that often the widow would marry a man much younger than herself, not just by a few years but by twenty or thirty years. I assume that these were marriages of convenience, perhaps for inheritance reason. Whatever the reason, it was a common occurrence.

Librizzi women inherited land and it remained in their possession even when they married. In the Riveli di Bene e Anime I found many documents (as far back as the 16th century) where the women were the Capo di Casa and who owned land, houses, livestock,.etc. In my own family historically the women have been economically independent, in fact my grandmother Catena Rottino owned huge amounts of land in the Pantano area of Librizzi. When she died the land was inherited by all of her children including my father. I recently found out that I own some of the
Muscarà-Rottino land at the Pantano. Since my father had sold his estate at the Pantano, I believe that this land was deeded to me by two of my aunts, Teresa and Eufrasina. I have to admit that I feel honored to own Librizzi land that has been in the family for many centuries, somehow the knowledge makes me feel close to my ancestors. In 2003 I went to visit the Pantano and standing on this land I felt the presence of my ancestors!

Librizzesi also known as Furmiculi Russi, have a history of pigheaded stubbornness which has allowed them to survive through the vagaries of Sicilian history, and the constant natural disasters that plagued the town. A stubbornness that allows the survival of their soul and of their indomitable spirit. Librizzi and her inhabitants clinging majestically and precariously on the slopes of Mount Cerannoli. As my ancestor Il Dottore Don Francesco Muscarà wrote in his poem many centuries ago, Librizzi and her children stubbornly and eternally live on.

Today, old Librizzi lives on mostly in the memory of her children and in the history of the town. Many of today's Librizzesi have left the lofty aerie called Librizzi and have gone to live at its feet in Santopolo, Bivio Colla, Colla Moffone, etc. From these locations it is easier to go to work in the nearby towns, but they can look up and see the ancient Librizzi still precariously perched at the top, watching over her children who have abandoned her for a new way of life. Many other Librizzesi have left the town of their ancestors for newer and different life experiences in bigger Italian cities. Many more have gone overseas, to North America, to South America, Australia, and to places where opportunities for work is the promise. But Librizzi is not forgotten, She lives in the hearts and memories of her children. Children Librizzesi living and enjoying new lives in different Italian cities and in new countries, and at the same time hoping for a chance to see one more time their beloved paese natale.

Antonino D'Amico a contemporary Librizzese writes the following poem in his book "Librizzi, documenti, uomini e fatti prima e dopo il mille":

Librizzi

Sfolgori o Librizzi,
in un amplesso di nuova luce,
sei la meta dei miei sogni,
ma da essa partire
fu il mio destino.

Antonino D'Amico wrote this poem in 1982. I well understand this poem as it expresses my feelings very well. Il sogno is all that a lot of us have left, but it is a beautiful sogno.

Carmelo Rifici a Librizzi cousin on my mother's side of the family has a beautiful web site which features the people and the town of Librizzi:(www.librizziacolori.eu).
Many have visited this web site and have fallen under the magic spell of what Librizzi has to offer. One of the visitors to the Meluccio's website is a son of Librizzi, the writer Nunzio Cocivera. To honor his native town and the web site dedicated to Librizzi he wrote a poem titled "Librizzi a culuri" in which he captures the spirit of the town, its colors and scents. This is what Carmelo Rifici writes about the poem and the poet: "L'Amico Nunzio Cocivera ha voluto dedicar e la poesia 'Librizzi a culuri' ai Librizzesi e a questo sito, richiamando alla memoria i colori e i profumi del nostro paesello. E' il canto un pò nostalgico ed appassionato di un figlio di Librizzi, che da buon siciliano, ama sconfinatamente e non dimentica. 'Com'erimu beddi quannerimu carusi...." I fully identify with the passion and nostalgia expressed in the poem. The distinguished Nunzio Cocivera, who writes in Italian and in Sicilian, chose the beautiful language of Sicilian to write his poem. I cite the poem with the kind and gracious permission of the author:

Librizzi a culuri

Librizzi pi tia u primu suli
Pi tia i primi brizzi e i primi culuri du suli
Cu l'aquazzina ti dormi a sira
Ti risbighi a mattina
Supra sa cullina erittu e fieru
Comu un guerrieru a sfidari
U ventu eternu turmentu
Ci si oggi ci si dumani pi to fighi librizzani
Si u nostru paisi librizzi
Puru si semu luntani
Unni semu semu
semu librizzani, e ti vulemu beni!
Mi ricordu a ramigna virdi
E tutti i culuri nta vigna
I culuri da vinnigna!
Com'era bonu du vinu!
A sudda a cicoria.
I finocchi sarbaggi frijuti ca livi
I carduna, i carcioffuli sarbaggi fritti ca farina
I rapuddi cu pipi.
Nta livi a cutulari, o a coghiri nuciddi.
Com'èrimu beddi quanner imu carusi
Ni cumminavumu di tutti i culur i!
O Librizzi... Librizzi....

Tavemu nto cori chi to culuri
Chi to sapuri!

Nunzio Cocivera, November 2006

I am a daughter of Librizzi with all of its goodness and all of its frailties. Did it surprise me to learn that Pope Pio V in the year 1567 and again in the year 1571 excommunicated the whole population of Librizzi? Yes, but I love it! I am proud to say that I am a "Furmicula Russa" at heart. It is nice to know that my sometimes intransigence has honorable Librizzese roots. But it is not just stubbornness, it is a desire to assert one's rights and the willingness to suffer the consequences for what is right. It is the trait that has allowed me to survive many painful events in my life. And it is the trait that has allowed me to adapt to new experiences in a new country, and to appreciate and love another beautiful place on earth called USA.


The Muscarà Stemma and the Muscarà surname




The Muscarà Stemma is found in the church of Maria Santissima della Catena, Piazza Catena, Librizzi. The symbol of the Stemma is the body and tail of a lion and the head of a lamb, the right paw holds a Chalice. Over the chalice there is a star with eight points. This Stemma also contains the initials SPE F and the name Don Andrea Muscarà. I assume that the motto of the Muscarà is Speranza e Fede(Faith and Hope). It seems to me that the motto and the Christian symbols come from the Bible, Revelation 5. In this section of Revelation it is told that the Lion from
Judah's tribe, the great descendant of David, has won the victory, and that he can break the seven seals and open the scroll. Then a Lamb, who appeared to have been killed, is seen taking the scroll from the one who sat on the throne.....The Revelation to John was written at a time when Christians were being persecuted because of their faith and the writings were to give hope and encouragement during this time of suffering and persecution.

The top of the Stemma is crowned by a crown or coronet which has seven points. In heraldry the seven visible points indicate the title of a Barone. Dario de Judicibus in his "L'Araldica Italiana" states that "con la cimatura di dodici perle (sette visibili), collocate sul margine del cerchio o sostenute da altrettante punte" indicated the title of Barone.

The surname Muscarà is derived from the Greek word Moschari (Muskarion/Muscarion) which means "colui che possiede vitelli", "he who owns calves". The Greek word for vitello (calf) is Moskos. The words Muscarion and Moskos are found in the original Greek Bible when referring to the "calf" and it being the required sacrifice at the altar.

To forget one's ancestors is to be
A brook without source
A tree without
A root

Chinese Maxim

A few words to my sons, grandchildren, and descendents : Our Librizzi roots go back many centuries. This is our story and the font from whence our future springs. I remember and honor our ancestors and entrust our descendents with the memory of us.

I want to thank il Signor Nunzio Cocivera for his gracious permission to include his poem "Librizzi a culuri" in my genealogy. To learn more about this son of Librizzi and his writings please go to:
http://ilteatr odicocivera.org/

I am grateful for the assistance of another son of Librizzi, and my cousin, Carmelo Rifici. Carmelo has given me permission to use his beautiful photographs of Librizzi. His web site www.librizziacolori.eu is a feast for the eyes for lovers of Librizzi, nature, local culture, and other interesting material.

A special thank you for my cousin Salvatore T. for the translation into modern Italian of the poem written by our ancestor Il Signor Francesco Muscarà.

I am also grateful to my cousin Gaetano T. for obtaining for me books on Librizzi and Librizzesi.


Suggested reading material to learn more about Librizzi and its people:

1. Antonino D'Amico "Librizzi, Documenti, uomini e fatti prima e dopo il mille" EDAS 1996
2. Marco Marziano "Memorie di ieri e dell'altro ieri".
3. Beniamino Lisi " Il gufo di maggio" Benucci Editore, 2001

Web sites of interest:

1. www.librizziacolori.eu
2. http://www.ilteatrodicocivera.org
3. web.tiscali.it/virgilioLibrizzi



Oleander and Ginestra are two typical flowers that grow profusely in Librizzi.


I, Maria Muscarà am the researcher and author of the above article. No parts may be reproduced without my permission.